Considerações e questionamentos sobre as evidências da ovogênese pós-natal em mamíferos / Considerations and questionaments about evidence of post-natal ovogenesis in mammalian

É apresentada uma revisão de literatura sobre a origem dos ovócitos primários em ovários de fêmeas adultas de mamíferos. Apesar de ser considerado um processo exclusivamente embrionário, vem se questionando a produção dessas células germinativas após o nascimento, processo denominado neo-ovogênese. Diferentes estudos vêm sendo apresentados para demonstrar a ocorrência da nova teoria, como a existência de células-tronco germinativas no epitélio do ovário ou de células-tronco de medula óssea. Dessa forma, é importante o estudo da neo-ovogênese, já que a mesma poderá proporcionar um benefício inigualável para a área de reprodução assistida.

A literature review about the origin of primary oocytes in ovaries of female adult mammals is shown. Although it was considered only an embryonic process, the production of the germ cells after birth has been questionated, a process called neoovogenesis... Different studies have been shown to prove the occurrence of this new theory, like the existence of germ stem cells in ovarian germ epithelial or stem cells from bone marrow. Like this, it is important to study the neoovogenesis, since it may provide a unique benefit to the area of assisted reproduction.

Post-biopsy bovine embryo viability and whole genome amplification in preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the biopsy of 8-cell to 16-cell bovine embryos on their subsequent development and the effect of whole genome amplification (WGA) on removed blastomeres. DESIGN: Randomized study. SETTING: Molecular genetics and animal reproduction laboratories. PATIENT(S): Cow ovaries obtained from slaughterhouses. INTERVENTION(S): The ovaries were punctured, and the oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro. On the fourth day after fertilization, 8-cell to 16-cell bovine embryos were biopsied, one quarter of each embryo being removed. The blastomeres were submitted to WGA followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The embryos were returned to culture for evaluation of their development. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Subsequent rate of blastocyst development, embryo cell number, WGA efficiency, and sex determination. RESULT(S): A total of 92 embryos were submitted to biopsy. The blastocyst production was 53.3%, with 44.9% of hatching rate. These results were similar to those of the control group (66.0% and 42.6%) of 103 embryos. Overall, no impact was detected on embryo quality in blastocyst cell number between the two groups. Removed blastomeres were submitted to WGA, resulting in 98.2% of efficiency. However, only 59% of the samples were sexed by PCR. CONCLUSION(S): Biopsy of 8-cell to 16-cell bovine embryos did not affect their subsequent development. WGA was successful in removed blastomeres.

Avanços tecnológicos da criopreservação de ovócitos / Technological advances in oocytes criopreservation

Apresenta-se uma revisão atualizada sobre a criopreservação de ovócito e sua importância em reprodução assistida. O presente trabalho tem como ênfase vantagens e desvantagens dos métodos utilizados para congelamento de gametas, efeito dos crioprotetores intracelulares e extracelulares, além da aplicabilidade da técnica na fertilidade feminina e na manutenção da biodiversidade animal.

It presents an updated review of oocyte cryopreservation and its importance in assisted reproduction. Th is work has an emphasis on advantages and disadvantages of the methods used for freezing gametes, the eff ects of intracellular and extracellular cryoprotectants, and the applicability of the technique in female fertility and in maintaining animal biodiversity

Técnica de tunel em embriões de ratas wistar: avaliação da qualidade e da capacidade de desenvolvimento dos embriões / Tunel technique in wistar rats embryos: evaluation of qualify and development capacity of embryos

A técnica do TUNEL tem se mostrado eficiente como indicadora de qualidade embrionária em embriões bovinos e de camundongos. Entretanto, em ratos, a técnica não é amplamente utilizada. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do desenvolvimento de embriões de ratas Wistar e o uso da técnica de TUNEL. Animais (n=8) foram superovulados através da injeção intraperitoneal de 150 UI/kg de peso via intraperitoneal (IP) de PMSG (Pregnant Mare Gonadotropin) e de 75 UI/kg de hCG 48h após. Fêmeas superovuladas foram colocadas para acasalar. 107 embriões de 4-8 células foram coletados 72 horas após hCG e cultivados em meio KSOM com 5% albumina sérica humana (BSA), em incubadora com 5% de CO2, 95% de umidade a 37,0ºC, por 48 horas. Após o cultivo, foi calculada a taxa de blastocisto e realizada a técnica do TUNEL. A taxa de blastocisto foi de 83,17% (89/107), com 19,62% (21/107) de blastocisto inicial, 14,01% (15/107) de blastocisto, e 49,53% (53/107) de blastocisto expandido. O número total de blastômeros foi de 28,82±4,76. A taxa apoptótica foi de 10.32 ± 8.91% e 94% (31/34) dos embriões apresentavam pelo menos uma célula apoptótica. Em conclusão, a técnica de TUNEL se mostrou viável na avaliação da qualidade embrionária de embriões de ratas Wistar.

The TUNEL technique has proven to be efficient as indicator of embryo quality in cattle and mice. Athough the technique is not yet widely used in rats. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of Wistar rat embryos and the use of the TUNEL technique. Animals (n=8) were superovulated by intraperitoneal injection of 150 IU/kg PMSG (Pregnant Mare Gonadotropin) and 75 IU/kg 48h after hCG. Superovulated females were placed with males at a ratio of 1/1. 107 4-8 cells embryos were collected 72 hours after hCG and were cultured in KSOM medium with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), for 48h ,with 5% CO2, 95% humidity at 37.0ºC. After cultured, the blastocyst rate was calculated and the TUNEL technique was performed. The blastocyst rate was 83.17% (89/107), with 19.62% (21/107) of initial blastocyst, 14.01% (15/107) of blastocyst and 49.53% (53 / 107) of expanded blastocyst. The total number of blastomeres was 28.82 ± 4.76. The apoptotic cells rate was 10.32 ± 8.91% and 94% (31/34) of embryos had at least one apoptotic cell. In conclusion, the TUNEL technique showing that it can be used to evaluation embryo quality, in Wistar rats embryos.

[Depression and anxiety in menopausal women: associated factors]. / Depressão e ansiedade em mulheres climatéricas: fatores associados.

PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in climacteric women and the probable factors responsible for its occurrence. METHODS: a transversal study that has selected 93 women attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic, from May 2006 to August 2007. Inclusion criteria were: women from 40 to 65 years old who agreed with participating in the project. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients in hormonal therapy, hormone-therapy by implant, DIUs and depo injections in the preceding six months, endocrinopathies leading to menstrual irregularities, hepatopathies, thrombopathies, use of drugs which interfere in the menstrual cycle, anxiolytics and antidepressants (as their use indicates previous diagnosis of mood disorders), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cancer or psychiatric disease, and patients who had been submitted to radio or chemotherapy. During the interview, four questionnaires were applied: Anamnesis, containing socio-demographic, clinical and living habits data; Blatt-Kupperman's Menopausal Index for climacteric syndrome diagnosis; Anxiety sub-scale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-A) for anxiety diagnosis; and Beck's Depression Inventory for the diagnosis of depression. Descriptive and correlation analysis among the variables, chi2 and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were performed using the Statistica Software program, version 6. RESULTS: the average depression prevalence among the patients was 36.8%, while that of anxiety was 53.7%. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the three phases of climacterium. There was a significant relationship between the presence of moderate climacteric symptoms and the presence of mood alterations (p<0.001). Depression was more frequent in women with anxiety (OR=4.2) and insomnia (OR=4.9), having a job being a protection factor (OR=0.2). Risk factors related to anxiety were the presence of depression (OR=6.1) and antecedents of pre-menstrual tension (OR=7.0). CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of depression and anxiety is high in climacterium, being possible to detect risk factors related to their occurrence.

[Depression and anxiety in menopausal women: associated factors]. / Depressão e ansiedade em mulheres climatéricas: fatores associados.

PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in climacteric women and the probable factors responsible for its occurrence. METHODS: a transversal study that has selected 93 women attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic, from May 2006 to August 2007. Inclusion criteria were: women from 40 to 65 years old who agreed with participating in the project. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: patients in hormonal therapy, hormone-therapy by implant, DIUs and depo injections in the preceding six months, endocrinopathies leading to menstrual irregularities, hepatopathies, thrombopathies, use of drugs which interfere in the menstrual cycle, anxiolytics and antidepressants (as their use indicates previous diagnosis of mood disorders), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cancer or psychiatric disease, and patients who had been submitted to radio or chemotherapy. During the interview, four questionnaires were applied: Anamnesis, containing socio-demographic, clinical and living habits data; Blatt-Kupperman's Menopausal Index for climacteric syndrome diagnosis; Anxiety sub-scale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-A) for anxiety diagnosis; and Beck's Depression Inventory for the diagnosis of depression. Descriptive and correlation analysis among the variables, chi2 and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were performed using the Statistica Software program, version 6. RESULTS: the average depression prevalence among the patients was 36.8%, while that of anxiety was 53.7%. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the three phases of climacterium. There was a significant relationship between the presence of moderate climacteric symptoms and the presence of mood alterations (p<0.001). Depression was more frequent in women with anxiety (OR=4.2) and insomnia (OR=4.9), having a job being a protection factor (OR=0.2). Risk factors related to anxiety were the presence of depression (OR=6.1) and antecedents of pre-menstrual tension (OR=7.0). CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of depression and anxiety is high in climacterium, being possible to detect risk factors related to their occurrence.

Mecanismos fisiológicos e bioquímicos envolvidos na ovogênese / Physiological and biochemical mechanism involved in ovogenesis

O artigo refere-se a uma atualização sobre os mecanismos fisiológicos e bioquímicos envolvidos na ovogênesis de mamífero.(AU)

The article concern with an up to date about physiologic and biochemical mechanism of ovogenesis in mammals.(AU)

Depressão e ansiedade em mulheres climatéricas: fatores associados / Depression and anxiety in menopausal women: associated factors

OBJETIVO: determinar a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade em mulheres climatéricas e os prováveis fatores responsáveis por sua ocorrência. MÉTODOS: em estudo transversal, foram selecionadas 93 mulheres que frequentaram um ambulatório de climatério no período de maio de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Como critério de inclusão foram consideradas mulheresna faixa etária de 40 a 65 anos e que concordaram em participar do projeto. Os critérios de exclusão foram: pacientes em uso de terapia hormonal, hormonioterapia por implantes, DIUs e injetáveis de depósito nos últimos seis meses, endocrinopatias que levassem a irregularidades menstruais, hepatopatias, coagulopatias, uso de drogas que interferissem no ciclo menstrual, ansiolíticos e antidepressivos (pois o uso dessas drogas era indicativo de diagnóstico prévio de alterações do humor), histerectomizadas, ooforectomizadas, portadoras de câncer e de enfermidades psiquiátricas, pacientes que tivessem sido submetidas à radioterapia ou quimioterapia. Foram aplicados quatro questionários durante a entrevista: Anamnese, contendo dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e hábitos de vida; Índice Menopausal de Blatt- Kupperman, com o objetivo de diagnosticar as pacientes portadoras de síndrome climatérica; a subescala para Ansiedade, derivada da escala Hospitalar para Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS-A), com a finalidade de diagnosticar os casos de Ansiedade e oInventário de Depressão de Beck, com o intuito de diagnosticar as mulheres portadoras de depressão. Foram realizadas as análises descritivas e de correlação entre as variáveis; o teste do χ2 e de Hosmer-Lemeshow, usando o programa Software Statistica versão 6. RESULTADOS: a média de prevalência de depressão entre as pacientes avaliadas foi de 36,8% enquanto que da ansiedade foi de 53,7%. Não houve diferença significativa entre a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e as três fases do climatério...

PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in climacteric women and the probable factors responsible for its occurrence. METHODS: a transversal study that has selected 93 women attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic, from May 2006 to August 2007. Inclusion criteria were: women from 40 to 65 years old who agreed with participating in the project. Exclusion criteria: patients in hormonal therapy, hormone-therapy by implant, DIUs and depo injections in the preceding six months, endocrinopathies leading to menstrual irregularities, hepatopathies, thrombopathies, use of drugs which interfere in the menstrual cycle, anxiolytics and antidepressants (as their use indicates previous diagnosis of mood disorders), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cancer or psychiatric disease, and patients whohad been submitted to radio or chemotherapy. During the interview, four questionnaires were applied: Anamnesis, containing socio- demographic, clinical and living habits data; Blatt-Kupperman’s Menopausal Index for climacteric syndrome diagnosis; Anxiety sub-scale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-A) for anxiety diagnosis; andBeck’s Depression Inventory for the diagnosis of depression. Descriptive and correlation analysis among the variables, χ2 and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were performed using the Statistica Software program, version 6. RESULTS: the average depression prevalence among the patients was 36.8%, while that of anxiety was 53.7%. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the three phases of climacterium. There was a significant relationship between the presence of moderate climacteric symptoms and the presence of mood alterations (p<0.001)...

Depressão e ansiedade em mulheres climatéricas: fatores associados / Depression and anxiety in menopausal women: associated factors

OBJETIVO: determinar a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade em mulheres climatéricas e os prováveis fatores responsáveis por sua ocorrência. MÉTODOS: em estudo transversal, foram selecionadas 93 mulheres que frequentaram um ambulatório de climatério no período de maio de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Como critério de inclusão foram consideradas mulheres na faixa etária de 40 a 65 anos e que concordaram em participar do projeto. Os critérios de exclusão foram: pacientes em uso de terapia hormonal, hormonioterapia por implantes, DIUs e injetáveis de depósito nos últimos seis meses, endocrinopatias que levassem a irregularidades menstruais, hepatopatias, coagulopatias, uso de drogas que interferissem no ciclo menstrual, ansiolíticos e antidepressivos (pois o uso dessas drogas era indicativo de diagnóstico prévio de alterações do humor), histerectomizadas, ooforectomizadas, portadoras de câncer e de enfermidades psiquiátricas, pacientes que tivessem sido submetidas à radioterapia ou quimioterapia. Foram aplicados quatro questionários durante a entrevista: Anamnese, contendo dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e hábitos de vida; Índice Menopausal de Blatt-Kupperman, com o objetivo de diagnosticar as pacientes portadoras de síndrome climatérica; a subescala para Ansiedade, derivada da escala Hospitalar para Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS-A), com a finalidade de diagnosticar os casos de Ansiedade e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck, com o intuito de diagnosticar as mulheres portadoras de depressão. Foram realizadas as análises descritivas e de correlação entre as variáveis; o teste do χ2 e de Hosmer-Lemeshow, usando o programa Software Statistica versão 6. RESULTADOS: a média de prevalência de depressão entre as pacientes avaliadas foi de 36,8 por cento enquanto que da ansiedade foi de 53,7 por cento. Não houve diferença significativa entre a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e as três fases do climatério. Observou-se relação significativa entre...

PURPOSE: to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety in climacteric women and the probable factors responsible for its occurrence. METHODS: a transversal study that has selected 93 women attended at a climacteric outpatient clinic, from May 2006 to August 2007. Inclusion criteria were: women from 40 to 65 years old who agreed with participating in the project. Exclusion criteria: patients in hormonal therapy, hormone-therapy by implant, DIUs and depo injections in the preceding six months, endocrinopathies leading to menstrual irregularities, hepatopathies, thrombopathies, use of drugs which interfere in the menstrual cycle, anxiolytics and antidepressants (as their use indicates previous diagnosis of mood disorders), hysterectomy, oophorectomy, cancer or psychiatric disease, and patients who had been submitted to radio or chemotherapy. During the interview, four questionnaires were applied: Anamnesis, containing socio-demographic, clinical and living habits data; Blatt-Kupperman's Menopausal Index for climacteric syndrome diagnosis; Anxiety sub-scale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-A) for anxiety diagnosis; and Beck's Depression Inventory for the diagnosis of depression. Descriptive and correlation analysis among the variables, χ2 and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were performed using the Statistica Software program, version 6. RESULTS: the average depression prevalence among the patients was 36.8 percent, while that of anxiety was 53.7 percent. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the three phases of climacterium. There was a significant relationship between the presence of moderate climacteric symptoms and the presence of mood alterations (p<0.001). Depression was more frequent in women with anxiety (OR=4.2) and insomnia (OR=4.9), having a job being a protection factor (OR=0.2). Risk factors related to anxiety were the presence of depression (OR=6.1) and antecedents...

Síndrome depressivo: ansiosa no climatério: [revisão] / Anxiety-depressive disorder during climacteric: [review]

Apresenta-se uma revisão atualizada sobre a síndrome depressivo-ansiosa que ocorre no climatério.

Técnicas de reprodução assistida: [revisão] / Asisted reproduction techniques: [review]

Apresenta uma revisão sobre as técnicas de reprodução assistida.